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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(5): 724-732, mayo 2021. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389509

ABSTRACT

Background: Vitamin K antagonists such as acenocoumarol and warfarin are usually indicated for the treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (AF). The Therapeutic Range Time (TRT) is a quality of treatment indicator. Values greater than 65% are associated with significantly lower stroke and bleeding rates. Proper pharmaceutical care improves TRT. Aim: To evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care in patients with AF treated with acenocoumarol. Material and Methods: We studied 41 patients using acenocoumarol for AF aged 71 ± 11 years (43% women). They received pharmaceutical counseling during 12 weeks. TRT was calculated retrospectively for the year before counseling and prospectively during the intervention period. Results: After receiving pharmaceutical counseling TRT improved from 29% at baseline to 46% at the end of the intervention (p < 0.01). After pharmaceutical care, the adherence of patients to drug treatment improved from 27% at baseline to 85% at the end of the study. The user satisfaction survey of the pharmaceutical care received showed a high degree of patient satisfaction. Conclusions: Pharmaceutical care in patients with oral anticoagulant treatment improves TRT of anticoagulation. It is accepted and positively evaluated by patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Stroke/prevention & control , Stroke/drug therapy , Administration, Oral , Retrospective Studies , Counseling , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use
2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(10): 1273-1282, oct. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058594

ABSTRACT

Background: INR is used to monitor the treatment with vitamin K antagonists. A strategy to reduce waiting times for sampling is to measure INR in a capillary sample using a portable point of care (POC) type coagulometer. Aim: To evaluate the correlation of CoaguChek Pro II™, Xprecia™ and microINR™ with venous INR measured at the clinical laboratory and their ease of use. Materials and Methods: Patients provided capillary and venous blood samples for parallel tests comparing Xprecia™ Stride with CoaguChek Pro II™ and with venous INR, microINR™ with CoaguChek Pro IITM and with venous INR. The devices' ease of use was assessed surveying the sampling staff. Results: The three tested devices had good correlation coefficients with venous INR: CoaguChek Pro IITM 0.953 and 0.962; Xprecia™ of 0.912 and microINR™ of 0.932. The correlation coefficient of Xprecia™ with CoaguChek Pro IITM was 0.937 and microINR™ with CoaguChek Pro IITM was 0.976. Conclusions: CoaguChek Pro IITM, Xprecia™ and microINR™ results had a good correlation coefficient with INR measured at the laboratory. Our results indicate that, in the hands of trained users, POC-type coagulometers are reliable and acceptable for routine use in anticoagulant treatment control.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Point-of-Care Systems/standards , International Normalized Ratio/instrumentation , Reference Standards , Capillaries , Thromboplastin/therapeutic use , Chile , Reproducibility of Results , Drug Monitoring/instrumentation , Drug Monitoring/standards , International Normalized Ratio/standards , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use
3.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 89(4): 432-440, ago. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042716

ABSTRACT

El cáncer es la segunda causa de muerte en el mundo, según datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en el año 2015 ocasionó 8,8 millones de muertes. Dentro de los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de cáncer se encuentran el tabaquismo y el consumo de alcohol. En Chile el 33,6% de la población fuma y un 21,2 % de los jóvenes. El consumo de alcohol en la población chilena es de 74,5 % y en los jóvenes de un 12,2 %. Entre los factores fisiológicos que influyen en el desarrollo de cáncer, el factor genético juega un rol relevante, habiéndose demostrado que la presencia de polimorfismos genéticos alteran la capacidad del organismo de eliminar contaminantes y aumentan el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer. Lo mismo ocurre con polimorfismos que impiden la reparación de ADN debido a daños producidos por efecto de contaminantes ambientales como el humo de cigarrillo. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar el estado del arte de la relación entre farmacogenética, tabaco y alcohol como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de cáncer. Los resultados sugieren que la presencia de po limorfismos que alteran la función de enzimas de biotransformación fase I (CYP1A1, CYP1E1) y fase II (GST), además de polimorfismos en enzimas de reparación del ADN (ERCC1/ERCC2) aumentan el riesgo de cáncer inducido por el hábito tabáquico y alcohólico. Esta asociación es importante, si consideramos que en la población chilena el hábito de fumar y beber alcohol es altamente prevalente.


Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world, causing 8.8 million deaths in 2015 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Risk factors for cancer include smoking and alcohol con sumption. In Chile, 33.6% of the population and 21.2% of young people smokes. Alcohol consump tion in the Chilean population is 74.5% and 12.2% in young people. Among the physiological factors that influence the development of cancer, the genetic factor plays a relevant role. It has been shown that the presence of genetic polymorphisms that alter the ability of the body to eliminate contami nants increase the risk of developing cancer. The same applies to polymorphisms that prevent DNA repair due to damage caused by environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke. The objective of this review is to analyze the state of the art of the relationship between pharmacogenetics, smoking, and alcohol consumption as risk factors for the development of cancer. In conclusion, the results suggest that the presence of polymorphisms that alter the function of biotransformation enzymes phase I (CYP1A1, CYP1E1) and phase II (GST), as well as polymorphisms in DNA repair enzymes (ERCC1 / ERCC2), increase the risk of cancer induced by smoking and alcohol consumption. This association is important considering that smoking and drinking alcohol are highly prevalent among the Chilean population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Inactivation, Metabolic/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Tobacco Smoking/adverse effects , Neoplasms/etiology , Pharmacogenetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Alcohol Drinking/genetics , Alcohol Drinking/metabolism , Genetic Markers , Risk Factors , Tobacco Smoking/genetics , Tobacco Smoking/metabolism , Neoplasms/metabolism
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 145(4): 483-500, abr. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-902502

ABSTRACT

Pharmacogenomics is an emergent field aimed at tailoring pharmacological therapy. Genetic polymorphisms can modify the expression and function of enzymes and proteins involved in drug metabolism, affecting absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion as well as the drug-target interaction. Therefore, the presence of allelic variants will classify people as poor, extensive or rapid/ultra rapid metabolizers, modifying drug efficacy and safety. In this work, the state of art in relation to this discipline is presented and the genetic variants of enzymes that are involved in drug pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics are described. The effects of these variants on the therapeutic response to drugs used in our country are also discussed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmacogenetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Drug Administration Schedule
5.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 35(1): 25-31, 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-782639

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: En el año 2014 se inició Telemedicina desde el Policlinico de Tratamiento Anticoagulante oral del Hospital San Juan de Dios y el Hospital de Curacaví, evitando así el traslado de pacientes a Santiago para el control con el médico especialista. Métodos: Se utilizó licencia de video conferencia en el Hospital San Juan de Dios, dispositivo móvil, equipo de INR capilar y stock de Acenocumarol en el Hospital de Curacaví. Resultados: En total se han realizado 2.174 consultas vía Telemedicina (junio 2014 a diciembre 2015). Esta estrategia ha sido bien evaluada por los pacientes. La mejora en la calidad del tratamiento ha sido evidente: 58,3% de los pacientes del Hospital de Curacaví se encuentran en rango terapéutico, superior al 50,8% de los pacientes del Hospital San Juan de Dios (p < 0,05). En cuanto al Tiempo en Rango Terapéutico (TTR) 50,6% de los pacientes del Hospital de Curacaví se encuentran en rango versus 46,2% de los pacientes del Hospital San Juan de Dios (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: La Telemedicina utilizada por equipos comprometidos es capaz de mantener indicadores de calidad de la atención que la validan como herramienta de atención clínica a distancia. La Telemedicina, en cuanto es una herramienta que acerca el especialista a comunidades alejadas de centros hospitalarios complejos, es valorada y muy bien calificada por los usuarios.


Background: Starting in 2014 telemedicine has been used to control oral anticoagulant treatment (OAT) in patients attending a peripheral hospital (Curacaví), in connection with Hospital San Juan de Dios, based in Santiago. Methods: A license for video conference was available to communicate both hospitals. Capillary INR and medications were available at Curacaví Hospital. Results: Between June 2014 and December 2015, 2174 indications for OAT have been made through tele-medicine. Different estimates of quality of care and user satisfaction have been rated > 6.7 (1-7 scale). Percent of INR measurements in therapeutic range was 58.3% in Curacavi and 50.8% at Hospital San Juan de Dios (p<0.05) and time in therapeutic range was 50.6% vs 42.6%, respectively (p<0.05) Conclusion: Tele-medicine allowed a close relationship between remote medical facilities and a complex medical center and was fully validated as a means of controlling OAT with a high degree of acceptance by patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Drug Monitoring , Telemedicine/methods , Anticoagulants/administration & dosage , Time Factors , Capillaries , Administration, Oral , Surveys and Questionnaires , Patient Satisfaction , International Normalized Ratio
6.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 34(2): 134-139, 2015. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-762615

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: El monitoreo del tratamiento con anticoagulantes cumarínicos se realiza a través del INR (International Normalized Ratio) que es el parámetro estandarizado del Tiempo de Protrombina. Las recomendaciones de la OMS indican que la precisión en el cálculo del INR puede ser mejorada usando reactivo de tromboplastina con Indice de Sensibilidad Internacional (ISI) bajo, considerándose como ISI de referencia internacional el valor 1,0. Debido a incongruencias observadas en los INR de pacientes controlados en el Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente, comparando valores de muestra venosa con resultados de INR capilar obtenidos en el mismo paciente el mismo día y hora (con reactivos Tromboplastina de distinto ISI), se efectuó un ensayo clínico cruzado entre los distintos métodos. Materiales y métodos: En 100 pacientes se comparó INR venoso con dos tromboplastinas de diferente ISI (1,3 y 1,0) vs aquel efectuado con muestra capilar (ISI 1,0). Resultados: Los resultados del estudio muestran que a partir de valores de INR 3,0 las determinaciones obtenidas usando Tromboplastina de cerebro de conejo ISI=1,3 subestiman el valor de INR para un mismo paciente y una misma muestra. Conclusiones: El uso de Tromboplastina recombinante humana ISI 1,0 permite evitar la subestimación del INR en pacientes con mayor riesgo tromboembóli-co (indicación de INR objetivo más alto). Por ello, este método se adoptó en el control del TACO en pacientes controlados en el Servicio de Salud Occidente.


Background: INR (International Normalized Ratio) is the standard Prothrombin Time parameter for monitoring anticoagulant treatment with coumarin derivatives Recommendations of WHO indicate that precision in the calculation of the INR can be improved using thromboplastins with a low Index of International Sensibility (ISI=1,0). Discrepancies in INR obtained using either this technique or conventional rabbit brain derived reagents in the same sample in patients attending the Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (West Metropolitan Health Service) were observed. Our objective was to evaluate these discrepancies in a systematic way. Materials and methods: A comparative study was conducted using two thromboplastins of different ISI (1.0 and 1.3) for the calculation of venous INR in comparison with capillary INR in 100 patients. Results: The study showed that INR values may differ significantly according to the method used. In particular, rabbit brain thromboplastin ISI = 1.3 underestimates the value of INR in the range of INR ≥3.0. Conclusions: The use of human recombinant thromboplastin ISI= 1.0. for determination of INR may significantly decrease the risk of hemorrhagic complications in patients requiring higher levels of anticoagulation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Blood Coagulation/drug effects , Thromboplastin/administration & dosage , Thromboplastin/standards , Acenocoumarol/administration & dosage , Prothrombin Time , Hemostatics/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , International Normalized Ratio , Anticoagulants
7.
Cuad. méd.-soc. (Santiago de Chile) ; 53(2): 83-94, 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-728066

ABSTRACT

La situación epidemiológica de mortalidad en Chile en el año 2010, muestra que el cáncer ocupa el segundo lugar dentro de las causas de muerte. La prevalencia nacional para cáncer es un 24,6 por ciento y se observa una prevalencia mayor en las regiones de Antofagasta (29,0 por ciento), Coquimbo (26,2 por ciento), Valparaíso (25,5 por ciento) y Región Metropolitana (25,1 por ciento). Además, en las Regiones de Arica y Parinacota y Antofagasta, el cáncer es la primera causa de muerte, con un 22,4 por ciento y un 29,0 por ciento, respectivamente. El análisis de las tasas de seis de los cánceres más prevalentes en nuestro país: estómago, mama, próstata, pulmón, vesícula y colon por región de norte a sur, muestra que la región de Valparaíso y desde Maule hasta Magallanes, tienen tasas de cáncer de estómago superiores a la media nacional. Se aprecia además quela tasa de cáncer de próstata es mayor a la media nacional en las regiones de Valparaíso y desde Maule a Los Ríos. Con respecto a cáncer a pulmón, las regiones de Arica y Parinacota, Antofagasta, Atacama, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago y Aisén presentan tasas mayores al promedio del país. En general, los datos muestran que la región de Valparaíso presenta tasas de cáncer superiores al promedio del país en 13 de los 16 cánceres analizados en este documento, le sigue la región de Los Ríos con 12 y finalmente Aisén con 9. De acuerdo al perfil epidemiológico y las relaciones de causalidad descritas para el cáncer en Chile, podemos sugerir que las recomendaciones de salud pública para la prevención de este mal en Chile deberían considerar, además de la limitación del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y la restricción del hábito tabáquico, una serie de factores que abordan la problemática general con recomendaciones simples pero efectivas, tales como las sugeridas por la OMS. Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, es importante realizar estudios epidemiológicos y clínicos que incorporen...


The epidemiological situation of the mortality in Chile in the year 2010 shows that cancer ranks second among death causes. Cancer rates in Antofagasta (29.0 percent), Coquimbo (26.2 percent), Valparaiso (25.5 percent) and Metropolitan (25.1 percent) regions are higher than the country average (24.6 percent). In addition, in Arica and Parinacota, and Antofagasta, cancer is the first cause of death, with 22.4 percent and 29.0 percent, respectively. Data of six more prevalent cancers (2008 to 2010): Stomach, Breast, Prostate, Lung, Bladder and Colon along the country. In Valparaiso and from Maule to Magallanes there are rates of Stomach cancer higher than the national average. The rate of Prostate cancer is higher than the national average in Valparaiso and from Maule to Los Ríos. In relation to Lung cancer the regions of Arica and Parinacota, Antofagasta, Atacama, Valparaiso, Metropolitan of Santiago and Aisén present rates higher than the national rate. In summary, the Valparaiso region presents rates of cancer higher than the average of the country in 13 of 16 cancers analyzed in this document, following by Los Ríos with 12 and finally Aisén with 9. According to the epidemiological profile and causality relationships for cancer in Chile, we suggest that public health recommendations for cancer prevention should consider, besides limitation of alcohol/drinking and restriction of the smoking habit, additional simple but effective recommendations to address general problematic, as for example those suggested by the WHO. Furthermore, it is important to do epidemiological and clinical studies that incorporate environmental and dietary factors of our country and genetics in the specific regions where some cancers have major prevalence.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Child , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/mortality , Age and Sex Distribution , Cause of Death , Chile/epidemiology , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Health Surveys , Smoking/adverse effects , Nutritional Status , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Social Class
8.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 32(4): 570-577, oct.-dic. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-669104

ABSTRACT

Introduction.Levonorgestrel a synthetic progestagen used for endometriosis, dysmenorrhea and emergency contraception, is quickly and completely absorbed in the digestive tract. levonorgestrel is predominantly metabolised through hepatic routes that utilise the CYP3A system (CYP3A4 and CYP3A5). Objective.This study aimed to evaluate the association between variant alleles of CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms and the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel. Materials and methods. A group of 17 adult female healthy volunteers who signed an informed consent were genotyped for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 through PCR-RFLP. Volunteers were submitted to pharmacokinetic analysis where, after a 12-hour overnight fast, they received a single oral dose of 0.75 mg of levonorgestrel. Serial blood samples were obtained (0 to 24 hours), and levonorgestrel concentrations were determined by UPLC-MS/MS to determine pharmacokinetic parameters. The procedures employed herein were performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices standards. Results. Observed genotype frequencies in the studied group for CYP3A4*1B were 11.8% for *1B/*1B, 5.8% for *1/*1B and 82.4% for *1/*1. CYP3A5*3 frequencies were 70.5% for *3/*3, 23.5% for *1/*3 and 6.5% for *1/*1. A high pharmacokinetic variability between volunteers was observed, but no statistical association of pharmacokinetic parameters was found within the studied CYP3A4/5 polymorphisms. Conclusions. Genetic polymorphisms could be important factors in determining inter-patient variability in plasma levonorgestrel concentrations, which in this study were not significantly associated with the presence of CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms. Therefore, due to the significant inter-patient variability that we observed during the course of this study, it is necessary to carry out studies with larger number of volunteers.


Introducción. El levonorgestrel, un progestágeno sintético usado para endometriosis, dismenorrea y anticoncepción de emergencia, es rápida y completamente absorbido en el tubo digestivo. Su metabolismo es principalmente hepático, mediante las enzimas CYP3A4 y CYP3A5. Objetivo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la asociación entre la farmacocinética de levonorgestrel y las variantes alélicas de CYP3A4*1B y CYP3A5*3. Materiales y métodos. En un grupo de 17 mujeres adultas sanas, que firmaron un consentimiento informado, se practicó genotipificación para CYP3A4*1B y CYP3A5*3 mediante PCR. Posteriormente, las voluntarias fueron sometidas a un estudio farmacocinético donde, luego de 12 horas de ayuno, recibieron una dosis de 0,75 mg de levonorgestrel. Se extrajeron muestras sanguíneas seriadas (0 a 24 horas) y se determinaron las concentraciones de levonorgestrel mediante un método validado de UPLC-ms/ms, para luego obtener los parámetros farmacocinéticos. Todos los procedimientos consideraron los aspectos éticos de la Declaración de Helsinki y las buenas prácticas clínicas. Resultados. Las frecuencias genotípicas observadas para el grupo de estudio fueron 11,8 % para *1B/*1B; 5,8 % para *1/*1B, y 82,4 % para *1/*1 de CYP3A4*1B. Para CYP3A5*3, las frecuencias genotípicas fueron 70,5 % para *3/*3; 23,5 % para *1/*3, y 6,5 % para *1/*1. Se observa una interesante variabilidad entre las voluntarias que sugiere una relación con las variantes genéticas CYP3A, pero que no permite establecer una asociación estadísticamente significativa, presumiblemente debido al bajo número de individuos homocigotos mutados de CYP3A4 y silvestres de CYP3A5. Conclusiones. Los polimorfismos genéticos podrían ser factores relevantes en la determinación de la variabilidad entre pacientes en las concentraciones plasmáticas de levonorgestrel, lo cual, sin embargo, no pudo ser establecido estadísticamente en este estudio. Por lo tanto, resulta necesario continuar este tipo de estudios con mayor número de voluntarios para establecer una asociación entre la variabilidad observada y la presencia de estos polimorfismos.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , /genetics , Levonorgestrel/pharmacokinetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Alleles , Biotransformation/genetics , Chile , /metabolism , Gene Frequency , Genotype , Levonorgestrel/blood , Pilot Projects , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics , Protein Isoforms/genetics
9.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 30(3): 218-224, dic. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-627039

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: La mayoría de los pacientes que reciben tratamientos con anticoagulantes orales por periodos prolongados presentan variabilidad en la respuesta. El acenocumarol es el anticoagulante oral más prescrito en nuestro país, es biotransformado principalmente por CYP2C9 e investigaciones recientes demuestran que la variante CYP2C9*2 es una de las responsables de la variabilidad de respuesta a acenocumarol. Objetivo: Determinar las diferencias en los parámetros farmacocinéticos de acenocumarol en voluntarios que presentan la variante alélica CYP2C9*2. Métodos: Se estudiaron 24 voluntarios sanos. La detección de genotipos se realizó mediante PCR-RFLP y los parámetros farmacocinéticos se obtuvieron mediante la concentración plasmática de acenocumarol usando un método validado para UPLC-MS/MS. Resultados: Del total de 24 voluntarios, 19 tenían el genotipo CYP2C9*1/*1 (wt/wt), 4 tenían genotipo CYP2C9*1/*2 (heterocigoto) y 1 voluntario tenía genotipo de CYP2C9*2/*2 (homocigoto recesivo). Los parámetros farmacocinéticos del acenocumarol no fueron significativamente diferentes entre los individuos con genotipo CYP2C9*2 y CYP2C9*1. Sin embargo, la farmacocinética de acenocumarol del individuo CYP2C9*2/*2 mostró diferencias relevantes con respecto a la observada en el grupo CYP2C9*1/*1 (tmáx aumentó 1,4 veces, ke disminuyó 1,8 veces y t1/2 aumentó 1,7 veces). Conclusión: La farmacocinética de acenocumarol en el individuo con el genotipo CYP2C9*2/*2 refleja una potencial relevancia de este polimorfismo en el tratamiento con acenocumarol.


Background: Most of the patients receiving anticoagulant therapy for extended periods show variability in their clinical response. Acenocumarol, the most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant in our country, is biotransformed mainly through CYP2C9 and recent research shows that CYP2C9*2 variant is partly responsible for the variable response to ace-nocumarol. Aim: to determine pharmacokinetics parameters of acenocumarol in volunteers exhibiting the CYP2C9*2 polymorphic variant. Methods: Genotype detection was performed using PCR-RFLP and pharmacokinetics parameters were obtained from the acenocumarol concentrations, using a UPLC-MS/MS validated method. The project was approved by the institutional Ethics Committee of the University of Chile's Faculty of Medicine. Results: 19 out of 24 volunteers had the CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype, 4 the CYP2C9*1/*2 genotype (heterozygous) and 1 subject had the CYP2C9*2/*2 genotype (recessive homozygous). No statistically significant differences between acenocumarol pharmacokinetics parameters of CYP2C9*2 compared to those with normal variant, CYP2C9*1were observed.. However, a single individual with the CYP2C9*2/*2 genotype showed different phar-macokinetics parameters: tmáx and t1/2 were increased 1.4 and 1.7 times, respectively, and kc was 1.8 times lower compared to the group with the CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype. Conclusion: There are clear differences in genotype-dependent acenocoumarol pharmacokinetics in individuals with the CYP2C9*2/*2 genotype, reflecting a potential relevance of this polymorphism in anticoagulation with acenocumarol.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Acenocoumarol/pharmacokinetics , Anticoagulants/pharmacokinetics , Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics , Genotype , Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism , Pharmacogenetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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